Моделирование процесса каплеобразования при промысловой подготовке нефти

In subgroups of a New Zealand obese mouse-derived back-cross population with defined aberrations of glucose ho-meostasis, a comprehensive study of the hepatic expression of cytochrome P450 and glutathione S-transferase was per-formed. Three patterns of alterations in response to insulin resistance (normoglycemia/hyperinsulinemia) or diabetes (hy-perglycemia/hypoinsulinemia) were observed: mRNA levels of Cyp2b9, Cyp3a16, Cyp4a14, and Gstt2 as assessed by North-ern- and dot-blot analysis were increased markedly in liver from diabetic mice with no or only a slight increase in insulin resistant mice. Western-blot analysis detected the corresponding changes of the CYP2B and CYP4A proteins. In contrast, ex-pression of Cyp2c22, Cyp2c29, and Cyp2c40 was reduced in diabetic, but normal in insulin resistant mice. These alteration

Differentielle hepatische Genexpression in einem Mausmodell mit polygener Adipositas, Insulinresistenz und Hyperglykämie

New Zealand Obese (NZO) mice exhibit a polygenic syndrome of morbid obesity and insulin resistance, that resembles the human metabolic syndrome. In order to define its biochemical basis, the differential expression of genes involved in hepatic glucose and lipid metabolism was studied. An outcross model of obese NZO mice with the lean SJL strain was established. NZOxF1 (SJLxNZO) backcross mice were generated in order to obtain a population with heterogeneous metabolism but comparable genetic background. Groups of normal (normoglycemic/normoinsulinemic), insulin-resistant (normoglycemic/hyperinsulinemic) and diabetic (hyperglycemic/hypoinsulinemic) mice were identified. Parental SJL-mice were used as control. Mice received high fat or standard diet. At 22 weeks, mice were killed and RNA isolated from liver. Differential gene expression of genes chosen for various reasons (array-analysis, literature search and gene localization near a diabetogenic locus) was assessed by Northern and Dot blotting. The data indicate that 1) insulin resistance is associated with increased expression of enzymes involved in lipogenesis and in fatty acid oxidation, whereas 2) gluconeogenic enzymes are not repressed, 3) high fat diet enhanced lipid synthesis, 4) several enzymes display sex dimorphism (SCPx, PLTP, Hsd3b5). The gene expression in insulin resistance reflects a dissociation of the effects of insulin on genes involved in glucose and lipid metabolism in liver: insulin-resistant hepatic glucose production causes hyperinsulinemia, which then enhances lipogenesis and thus further aggravates insulin resistance in a circulus vitiosus. Analysis of differential expression of the adipokines leptin and resistin in adipocytes displays a correlation between BMI and leptin-mRNA and no differences in resistin gene expression

Data_Sheet_1_Crop Rotation and Straw Application Impact Microbial Communities in Italian and Philippine Soils and the Rhizosphere of Zea mays.pdf

<p>Rice is one of the most important nourishments and its cultivation binds large agricultural areas in the world. Its cultivation leads to huge water consumption and high methane emissions. To diminish these problems, crop rotation between paddy rice and maize is introduced in Asia, but can lead to losses of carbon and water by the formation of desiccation cracks. To counteract these problems rice straw can be applied. We analyzed soil microbial responses to different crop rotation systems [rice–rice (RR), maize–maize (MM), maize–rice (MR)] and to rice straw application in the soil and rhizosphere of maize. Zea mays was grown in microcosms using soils from different field locations, each including different crop rotation regimes. The bacterial and fungal community composition was analyzed by 16S rRNA gene and ITS based amplicon sequencing in the bulk soil and rhizosphere. The microbiota was clearly different in soils from the different field locations (analysis of similarity, ANOSIM: R = 0.516 for the bacterial community; R = 0.817 for the fungal community). Within the field locations, crop rotation contributed differently to the variation in microbial community composition. Strong differences were observed in communities inhabiting soils under monosuccession (RR vs. MM) (ANOSIM: R = 0.923 for the bacterial and R = 0.714 for the fungal community), while the communities in soils undergoing MR crop rotation were more similar to those of the corresponding RR soils (ANOSIM: R = 0.111–0.175). The observed differences could be explained by altered oxygen availabilities in RR and MR soils, resulting in an enrichment of anaerobic bacteria in the soils, and the presence of the different crops, leading to the enrichment of host-plant specific microbial communities. The responses of the microbial communities to the application of rice straw in the microcosms were rather weak compared to the other factors. The taxa responding in bulk soil and rhizosphere were mostly distinct. In conclusion, this study revealed that the different agricultural management practices affect microbial community composition to different extent, not only in the bulk soil but also in the rhizosphere, and that the microbial responses in bulk soil and rhizosphere are distinct.</p

Data_Sheet_2_Crop Rotation and Straw Application Impact Microbial Communities in Italian and Philippine Soils and the Rhizosphere of Zea mays.xlsx

<p>Rice is one of the most important nourishments and its cultivation binds large agricultural areas in the world. Its cultivation leads to huge water consumption and high methane emissions. To diminish these problems, crop rotation between paddy rice and maize is introduced in Asia, but can lead to losses of carbon and water by the formation of desiccation cracks. To counteract these problems rice straw can be applied. We analyzed soil microbial responses to different crop rotation systems [rice–rice (RR), maize–maize (MM), maize–rice (MR)] and to rice straw application in the soil and rhizosphere of maize. Zea mays was grown in microcosms using soils from different field locations, each including different crop rotation regimes. The bacterial and fungal community composition was analyzed by 16S rRNA gene and ITS based amplicon sequencing in the bulk soil and rhizosphere. The microbiota was clearly different in soils from the different field locations (analysis of similarity, ANOSIM: R = 0.516 for the bacterial community; R = 0.817 for the fungal community). Within the field locations, crop rotation contributed differently to the variation in microbial community composition. Strong differences were observed in communities inhabiting soils under monosuccession (RR vs. MM) (ANOSIM: R = 0.923 for the bacterial and R = 0.714 for the fungal community), while the communities in soils undergoing MR crop rotation were more similar to those of the corresponding RR soils (ANOSIM: R = 0.111–0.175). The observed differences could be explained by altered oxygen availabilities in RR and MR soils, resulting in an enrichment of anaerobic bacteria in the soils, and the presence of the different crops, leading to the enrichment of host-plant specific microbial communities. The responses of the microbial communities to the application of rice straw in the microcosms were rather weak compared to the other factors. The taxa responding in bulk soil and rhizosphere were mostly distinct. In conclusion, this study revealed that the different agricultural management practices affect microbial community composition to different extent, not only in the bulk soil but also in the rhizosphere, and that the microbial responses in bulk soil and rhizosphere are distinct.</p

Polysialic acid blocks mononuclear phagocyte reactivity, inhibits complement activation, and protects from vascular damage in the retina

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a major cause of blindness in the elderly population. Its pathophysiology is linked to reactive oxygen species (ROS) and activation of the complement system. Sialic acid polymers prevent ROS production of human mononuclear phagocytes via the inhibitory sialic acid-binding immunoglobulin-like lectin-11 (SIGLEC11) receptor. Here, we show that low-dose intravitreal injection of low molecular weight polysialic acid with average degree of polymerization 20 (polySia avDP20) in humanized transgenic mice expressing SIGLEC11 on mononuclear phagocytes reduced their reactivity and vascular leakage induced by laser coagulation. Furthermore, polySia avDP20 prevented deposition of the membrane attack complex in both SIGLEC11 transgenic and wild-type animals. In vitro, polySia avDP20 showed two independent, but synergistic effects on the innate immune system. First, polySia avDP20 prevented tumor necrosis factor-, vascular endothelial growth factor A, and superoxide production by SIGLEC11-positive phagocytes. Second, polySia avDP20 directly interfered with complement activation. Our data provide evidence that polySia avDP20 ameliorates laser-induced damage in the retina and thus is a promising candidate to prevent AMD-related inflammation and angiogenesis